→ Students use academic language to explain their thinking.
→ Discussion is anchored to grade-level content and shared across all students for equity of voice.
→ Talk makes thinking visible through paraphrasing, explaining, supporting, and synthesizing.
→ Teachers and students share clear criteria for what effective discussion looks and sounds like.
→ Reflection builds student agency by focusing on how they talked and what they learned.
→ Students may be talking, but their thinking remains unclear.
→ Discussion feels uneven; some students dominate while others stay quiet or completely unengaged.
→ Sentence stems exist, but they aren’t clearly connected to the content or standard.
→ Teachers aren’t sure how to tell if discussion is actually supporting learning.
→ Reflection, if it happens, focuses on participation — not understanding.
What changes when students learn the language of learning